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Tables for mean values of specific weight of construction materials, and mean values of specific weight and angles of repose for stored materials

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A.1 Use of this Annex

(1) This Informative Annex provides supplementary guidance to that given in Clause 4 for mean values of specific weight of construction materials, and mean values of specific weight and angles of repose for stored materials.
NOTE National choice on the application of this Informative Annex is given in the National Annex. If the National Annex contains no information on the application of this Informative Annex, it can be used.

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A.2 Scope and field of application

(1) This Informative Annex applies to construction and stored materials, including bridge materials.

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A.3 Construction materials

(1) Mean values for the following construction materials provided in Tables A.1 to A.6 should be used:
  • concrete and mortar;
  • masonry;
  • wood;
  • metals;
  • other materials;
  • bridge materials and elements.
NOTE The values for the specific weight are for materials in the dry state. (2) When a range is given, the selection of the appropriate mean values for specific weight and angles of repose should be as specified by the relevant authority or, where not specified, as agreed for a specific project by the relevant parties. NOTE When a range is given, it is assumed that the mean value will be highly dependent on the source of the material. Table A.1 - Construction materials - concrete and mortar
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
concrete (see EN 206)
lightweight
density class D1,08,0 to 10,0^a,b
density class D1,210,0 to 12,0^a,b
density class D1,412,0 to 14,0^a,b
density class D1,614,0 to 16,0^a,b
density class D1,816,0 to 18,0^a,b
density class D2,018,0 to 20,0^a,b
normal weight24,0^a,b
heavy weight> 26,0^a,b
mortar
cement mortar19,0 to 23,0
gypsum mortar12,0 to 18,0
lime-cement mortar18,0 to 20,0
lime mortar12,0 to 18,0
Footnotes:
  • ^a Increase by 1 kN/m³ for normal percentage of reinforcing and pre-stressing steel
  • ^b Increase by 1 kN/m³ for unhardened concrete
Table A.2 - Construction materials - masonry
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
masonry units
clay masonry unitssee EN 771-1
calcium silicate masonry unitssee EN 771-2
aggregate concrete masonry unitssee EN 771-3
autoclaved aerated masonry unitssee EN 771-4
manufactured stone masonry unitssee EN 771-5
glass blocks, hollowsee EN 1051-2
terra cotta21,0
natural stones, see EN 771-6
granite, syenite, porphyry27,0 to 30,0
basalt, diorite, gabbro27,0 to 31,0
tachylyte26,0
basaltic lava24,0
gray wacke, sandstone21,0 to 27,0
dense limestone20,0 to 29,0
other limestone20,0
volcanic tuff20,0
gneiss30,0
slate28,0
Table A.3 - Construction materials - wood
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
timber (ST, EST; see EN 338 for strength classes)
C163,7
C183,8
C224,1
C244,2
C274,5
C304,6
T113,8
T144,2
T184,6
T214,7
T224,7
D245,8
D306,4
D406,6
D507,4
D608,4
D709,6
softwood (strength general; see EN 1995)5,0
hardwood (strength low - medium)7,5
hardwood (strength high)10,0
glued timber (GST, GL, BGL; see EN 14080)
GL203,9
GL224,1
GL244,2
GL264,5
GL284,6
GL304,8
GL324,9
cross-laminated timber
softwood4,2 to 5,0
hardwood7,0 to 10,0
laminated veneer lumber (C with and P without crossband veneers)
LVL 22 to 32 P4,4
LVL 32 C to 485,1
LVL 505,8
LVL 75 to 808,0
plywood
softwood plywood3,0 to 5,0
birch plywood7,0 to 10,0
laminboard and blockboard4,5
particle boards
chipboard7,0 to 8,0
cement-bonded particle board12,0
flake board, oriented strand board, wafer board7,0
fibre building board
hardboard10,0
medium density fibreboard8,0
softboard4,0
Table A.4 - Construction materials - metals
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
metals
aluminium27,0
brass83,0 to 85,0
bronze83,0 to 85,0
copper87,0 to 89,0
iron, cast71,0 to 72,5
iron, wrought76,0
lead112,0 to 114,0
steel77,0 to 78,5
zinc71,0 to 72,0
Table A.5 - Construction materials - other materials
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
other materials
glass, broken22,0
glass, in sheets25,0
plastics
acrylic sheet12,0
polystyrene, expanded, granules0,3
foam glass1,4
Table A.6 - Bridge materials and elements
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
pavement of road bridges
gussasphalt and asphaltic concrete24,0 to 25,0
mastic asphalt18,0 to 22,0
hot rolled asphalt23,0
infills for bridges
sand (dry)15,0 to 16,0^a
ballast, gravel (loose)15,0 to 16,0^a
hardcore18,5 to 19,5
crushed slag13,5 to 14,5^a
packed stone rubble20,5 to 21,5
puddle clay18,5 to 19,5
pavement of rail bridges
concrete protective layer25,0
normal ballast (e.g. granite, gneiss, etc.)20,0
basaltic ballast26,0
ElementsWeight per unit bed length^b,c g_k [kN/m]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
structures with ballasted bed
2 rails UIC 601,2
prestressed concrete sleeper with track fastenings4,8
concrete sleepers with metal angle braces-
timber sleepers with track fastenings1,9
structures without ballasted bed
2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings1,7
2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings, bridge beam and guard rails4,9
NOTE The values for track are also applicable outside railway bridges.
Footnotes:
  • ^a Given in other tables as stored materials
  • ^b Excludes an allowance for ballast
  • ^c Assumes a spacing of 600 mm

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A.4 Stored materials

(1) Mean values for the following stored materials are provided in Tables A.7 to A.12:
  • building and construction;
  • agricultural;
  • foodstuffs;
  • liquids;
  • solid fuels;
  • industrial and general.
Table A.7 - Stored materials - building and construction
MaterialsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]Angle of repose φ [°]
aggregates (see EN 206)
lightweight8,0 to 20,0^a30
normal20,0 to 30,030
heavyweight> 30,030
gravel and sand, bulked15,0 to 20,035
sand14,0 to 19,030
blast furnace slag
lumps17,040
granules12,030
crushed foamed9,035
brick sand, crushed brick, broken bricks15,035
exfoliated, aggregate for concrete
crude1,0-
bentonite6,0 to 9,0-
loose8,040
shaken down11,0-
in bulk16,028
in bag15,0-
fly ash10,0 to 14,025
glass, in sheets25,0-
gypsum, ground15,025
lignite filter ash15,020
lime13,025
limestone, powder13,025 to 27
magnesite, ground12,0-
plastics
polyethylene, polystyrol granulated6,430
polyvinylchloride, powder5,940
polyester resin11,8-
glue resins13,0-
water, fresh10,0-
Footnote: ^a See table A.1 for density classes of lightweight concrete Table A.8 - Stored products - agricultural
ProductsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]Angle of repose φ [°]
farmyard
manure (minimum 60% solids)7,8-
manure (with dry straw)9,345
dry chicken manure6,945
slurry (maximum 20% solids)10,8-
fertiliser, artificial
NPK, granulated8,0 to 12,025
basic slag, crushed13,735
phosphates, granulated10,0 to 16,030
potassium sulphate12,0 to 16,028
urea7,0 to 8,024
fodder, green, loosely stacked3,5 to 4,5-
grain
whole (≤ 14% moisture content unless indicated otherwise)7,830
general7,030
barley8,8-
brewer’s grain (wet)3,430
herbage seeds7,430
maize in bulk5,0-
maize in bags5,030
oats6,425
oilseed rape7,030
rye7,830
wheat in bulk7,5-
wheat in bags7,840
grass cubes
hay
(baled)1,0 to 3,0-
(rolled bales)6,0 to 7,0-
hides and skins8,0 to 9,0-
hops1,0 to 2,025
malt4,0 to 6,020
meal
ground7,045
cubes7,040
peat
dry, loose, shaken down1,035
dry, compressed in bales5,0-
wet9,5-
silage5,0 to 10,0-
straw
in bulk (dry)0,7-
baled1,5-
tobacco in bales3,5 to 5,0-
wool
in bulk3,0-
baled7,0 to 13,0-
Table A.9 - Stored products - foodstuffs
ProductsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]Angle of repose φ [°]
eggs, in stands4,0 to 5,0-
flour
bulk6,025
bagged5,0-
fruit
apples
- loose8,330
- boxed6,5-
cherries7,8-
pears5,9-
raspberries, in trays2,0-
strawberries, in trays1,2-
tomatoes6,8-
sugar
loose, piled7,5 to 10,035
dense and bagged16,0-
vegetables, green
cabbages4,0-
lettuce5,0-
vegetables, legumes
beans
- general8,135
- soya7,430
peas7,8-
vegetables, root
general8,8-
beetroot7,440
carrots7,835
onions7,035
turnips7,035
potatoes
in bulk7,635
in boxes4,4-
sugarbeet
dried and chopped2,935
raw7,6-
wet shreds10,0-
Table A.10 - Stored products - liquids
ProductsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]
beverages
beer10,0
milk10,0
water, fresh10,0
wine10,0
natural oils
castor oil9,3
glycerol (glycerine)12,3
linseed oil9,2
olive oil8,8
organic liquids and acids
alcohol7,8
ether7,4
hydrochloric acid (40% by weight)11,8
methylated spirit7,8
nitric acid (91% by weight)14,7
sulphuric acid (30% by weight)13,7
sulphuric acid (87% by weight)17,7
turpentine, white spirit8,3
hydrocarbons
aniline9,8
benzene (benzol)8,8
coal tar10,8 to 12,8
creosote10,8
naphtha7,8
paraffin (kerosene)8,3
benzine (benzoline)6,9
oil, crude (petroleum)9,8 to 12,8
diesel8,3
fuel7,8 to 9,8
heavy12,3
lubricating8,8
petrol (gasolene, gasoline)7,4
liquid gas
butane5,7
propane5,0
other liquids
mercury133
red lead paint59
white lead, in oil38
sludge, over 50% by volume water10,8
Table A.11 - Stored products - solid fuels
ProductsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]Angle of repose φ [°]
charcoal
air-filled4-
air-free15-
coal
block briquettes, tipped835
block briquettes, stacked13-
egg briquettes8,330
coal, raw from pit1035
coal in washing pools12-
coal dust725
coke4,0 to 6,535 to 45
middlings in the quarry12,335
waste washing tips in colliery13,735
all other kinds of coal8,330 to 35
firewood5,445
lignite/brown coal
briquettes, tipped7,830
briquettes, stacked12,8-
damp9,830 to 40
dry7,835
dust4,925 to 40
low-temperature coke9,840
peat
black, dried, firmly packed6 to 9-
black, dried, loosely tipped3 to 645
Table A.12 - Stored products - industrial and general
ProductsSpecific weight γ [kN/m³]Angle of repose φ [°]
books and documents
books and documents, densely stored6,0-
filing racks and cabinets8,5-
garments and rags, bundled6,0-
ice, lumps11,0-
leather, piled8,5-
paper
in rolls15,0-
piled11,0-
rubber10,0 to 17,0-
rock salt22,045
salt12,040
sawdust
dry, bagged3,0-
dry, loose2,545
wet, loose5,045
tar, bitumen14,0-