3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990 and the following apply.3.1.1
angle of repose angle which the natural slope of the sides of a heaped pile of loose material makes to the horizontal3.1.2
barrier element that prevents people or moveable objects from horizontal movement or falling from the building or part of the building, and/or falling or moving through structural members or elements other than structural Note 1 to entry: This includes all elements that fulfil this function in a building (e.g. handrails, parapets, balustrades, guard rails, partition walls acting as barriers, non-loadbearing separating walls, etc.).3.1.3
grandstand large, often roofed structure that can include standing and/or seated accommodation for spectators at sporting or other events3.1.4
gross vehicle weight self-weight of the vehicle together with the maximum weight it is permitted to carry3.1.5
imposed loads on buildings loads arising from occupancy3.1.6
partition non-load bearing wall3.1.7
specific weight overall weight per unit volume of a material, including a normal distribution of micro-voids, voids and pores Note 1 to entry: In everyday usage this term is frequently called “density” (which is strictly mass per unit volume).3.1.8
stage structure that includes a performance area, which is used for a wide variety of functions at public and private events3.1.9
synchronised rhythmic crowd load load induced by coordinated jumping and stamping EXAMPLE: load induced by spectators on grandstands at sporting events and concerts, coordinated jumping or dancing at fitness centres or similar Note 1 to entry: Structures with elements subject to dancing and jumping are liable to inadvertent or deliberate synchronized movement of occupants, sometimes accompanied by music with a strong beat, such as occurs at pop concerts and aerobics events.3.1.10
tributary area area whose loading is assumed to contribute to the loading on the structural member supporting that area Note 1 to entry: The tributary area can change depending on the support conditions. An example of tributary areas for a beam supporting two single span one-way decks is given in Figure 3.1. An example of tributary areas for columns is given in Figure 3.2, which takes account of the continuity effects of the slab. Note 2 to entry: On each floor, the sum of tributary areas equals the total area of the slab. Figure 3.1 - Example of tributary area related to a beam (slabs are only spanning over one bay) Key:- A₁₋₂: tributary area related to beam 1-2
- A₂₋₃: tributary area related to beam 2-3
- A₁: tributary area related to column 1
- A₂: tributary area related to column 2
- A₃: tributary area related to column 3
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.3.2.1 Latin upper-case symbols
| Symbol | Definition |
|---|---|
| A | tributary area |
| A_ref | defined area for the application of q_k on roofs |
| G_k,inf | lower characteristic value of a permanent action |
| G_k,sup | upper characteristic value of a permanent action |
| Q_k | characteristic value of a variable concentrated action |
| Q_k,dyn | characteristic value of a dynamic action |
| Q_k,p | self-weight of partitions |
3.2.2 Latin lower-case symbols
| Symbol | Definition |
|---|---|
| g_k | weight per unit area, or weight per unit length |
| l_f | overall length of a forklift |
| n | number of storeys |
| q_k | characteristic value of a uniformly distributed load, or line load |
| q_k,p | characteristic value of the uniformly distributed load representing partitions |
| W_f,axle | width of axle relevant to a forklift |
| W_f,overall | overall width of a forklift |
3.2.3 Greek lower-case symbols
| Symbol | Definition |
|---|---|
| α_A | reduction factor for imposed loads for floors and accessible roofs |
| α_n | reduction factor for imposed loads for columns and walls |
| γ | specific weight |
| φ | dynamic amplification factor |
| ψ₀ | combination factor applied to a variable action to determine its combination value (see EN 1990) |
| φ | angle of repose (degrees) |